|
During the Cold War (1947–1991), when the Soviet Union and the USA were engaged in an arms race, the Soviet Union promoted its foreign policy through the World Peace Council and other front organizations. Writers have claimed that it also influenced non-aligned peace groups in the West, although the CIA and MI5 have doubted the extent of Soviet influence. ==The World Peace Council== The World Peace Council (WPC) was set up by the Soviet Communist Party in 1948–50 to promote Soviet foreign policy and to campaign against nuclear weapons at a time when only the USA had them. The WPC was directed by the International Department of the Soviet Communist Party via the Soviet Peace Committee,〔(Burns, J.F., "Soviet peace charade is less than convincing", ''New York Times'', May 16, 1982 )〕 a WPC member. The WPC and its members took the line laid down by the Cominform that the world was divided between the peace-loving Soviet Union and the warmongering United States. From the 1950s until the late 1980s the Soviet Union used numerous organizations associated with the WPC to spread its view of peace. They included: * Christian Peace Conference〔〔 * International Federation of Resistance Fighters〔 * International Institute for Peace〔〔 * International Organization of Democratic Lawyers〔 * International Organization of Journalists〔 * International Union of Students〔 * World Federation of Democratic Youth〔 * World Federation of Scientific Workers〔 * World Federation of Trade Unions〔(CIA, ''Effect of Invasion of Czechoslovakia on Soviet Fronts'' )〕 * Women's International Democratic Federation〔 * World Peace Esperanto Movement.〔(Richard Felix Staar, ''Foreign policies of the Soviet Union'', Hoover Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8179-9102-6, pp.79–88 )〕〔U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Intelligence, ''Soviet Covert Action: The Forgery Offensive'', 6 and 19 Feb. 1980, 96th Cong., 2d sess., 1963. Washington, DC: GPO, 1980〕 Other international peace organizations have been said to be associated with the WPC as well. International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War is said to have had "overlapping membership and similar policies" to the WPC.〔 The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs and the Dartmouth Conferences were said to have been used by Soviet delegates to promote Soviet propaganda.〔 Joseph Rotblat, one of the leaders of the Pugwash movement, said that there were a few participants in Pugwash conferences from the Soviet Union "who were obviously sent to push the party line, but the majority were genuine scientists and behaved as such".〔(Rotblat, Joseph, "Russell and the Pugwash Movement", ''The 1998 Bertrand Russell Peace Lectures'' )〕〔''See also'' Abrams, I., (''The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates'' )〕 The WPC organized international peace conferences which condemned western armaments and weapons tests but refrained from criticizing Russian arms. For example, in 1956 it condemned the Suez war but not the Russian invasion of Hungary.〔 The former KGB officer Sergei Tretyakov said that the Soviet Peace Committee funded and organized demonstrations in Europe against US bases.〔Pete Earley, ''Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War'', Penguin Books, 2007, ISBN 978-0-399-15439-3, pp.169–177〕 U.S. plans to deploy Pershing II missiles in Western Europe in response to the Soviet SS-20 missiles were contentious, prompting Paul Nitze, the American negotiator, to suggest a compromise plan for nuclear missiles in Europe in the celebrated "walk in the woods" with Soviet negotiator Yuli Kvitsinsky, but the Soviets never responded. Kvitsinsky would later write that, despite his efforts, the Soviet side was not interested in compromise, calculating instead that peace movements in the West would force the Americans to capitulate. Because of the energetic propaganda of the WPC from the late 1940s onwards, with its large conferences and budget, some saw no difference between a peace activist and a Communist.〔 It was sometimes said that the peace movement in the West was influenced by or even led by the WPC. US President Ronald Reagan said that the peace demonstrations in Europe in 1981 were sponsored by the WPC〔E.P.Thompson, "Resurgence in Europe and the rôle of END", in J.Minnion and P.Bolsover (eds.), ''The CND Story'', Alison and Busby, London, 1983〕〔http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0149-0508.00054/abstract〕 and Soviet defector Vladimir Bukovsky claimed that they were co-ordinated at the WPC's 1980 World Parliament of Peoples for Peace in Sofia.〔Vladimir Bukovsky, "The Peace Movements and the Soviet Union", ''Commentary'', May 1982, pp.25–41〕 The FBI reported to the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence that the WPC-affiliated U.S. Peace Council was one of the organizers of a large 1982 peace protest in New York City, but said that the KGB had not manipulated the American movement "significantly."〔(John Kohan, "The KGB: Eyes of the Kremlin", ''Time'', 14 February 1983 )〕 From the late 1940s to the early 1960s there was limited co-operation between western groups and the WPC but, as the non-aligned movement "was constantly under threat of being tarnished by association with avowedly pro-Soviet groups", many individuals and organizations "studiously avoided contact with Communists and fellow-travellers."〔Russell, B and Bone, A.G, ''Man's peril, 1954–55'', Routledge, 2003〕 As early as 1949 the World Pacifist Meeting warned against active collaboration with Communists.〔 Western delegates at WPC conferences who tried to criticize the Soviet Union or the WPC's defence of Russian armaments were often shouted down〔Lawrence S. Wittner, ''Resisting the Bomb'', Stanford University Press, 1997〕 and they gradually dissociated themselves from the WPC. Finally, after confrontation between western and Soviet delegates at the 1962 World Congress for Peace and Disarmament, organised by the WPC in Moscow, forty non-aligned organizations decided to form a new international body, the International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace, to which Soviet delegates were not invited.〔(Oxford Conference of Non-aligned Peace Organizations )〕 Rainer Santi, in his history of the International Peace Bureau, writes that the WPC "always had difficulty in securing cooperation from West European and North American peace organisations because of its obvious affiliation with Socialist countries and the foreign policy of the Soviet Union. Especially difficult to digest, was that instead of criticising the Soviet Union's unilaterally resumed atmospheric nuclear testing in 1961, the WPC issued a statement rationalising it. In 1979 the World Peace Council explained the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as an act of solidarity in the face of Chinese and US aggression against Afghanistan."〔(Santi, Rainer, ''100 years of peace making: A history of the International Peace Bureau and other international peace movement organisations and networks'', Pax förlag, International Peace Bureau, January 1991 )〕 It was suggested by a former secretary of the WPC that it simply failed to connect with the western peace movement. It was said to have used most of its funds on international travel and lavish conferences, to have poor intelligence on Western peace groups, and, even though its HQ was in Helsinki, to have no contact with Finnish peace organizations.〔(Prince, R., "The Ghost Ship of Lönnrotinkatu" ''Peace Magazine'', May–June 1992 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Soviet influence on the peace movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|